Relativity 相对论 下载 mobi 免费 pdf 百度网盘 epub 2025 在线 电子书

"The present book is intended," Einstein wrote in 1916, "as far as possible, to give an exact insight into the theory of Relativity to those readers who, from a general scientific and philosophical point of view, are interested in the theory, but who are not conversant with the mathematical apparatus of theoretical physics.... In the interest of clearness, it appeared to me inevitable that I should repeat myself frequently, without paying the slightest attention to the elegance of the presentation. I adhered scrupulously to the precept of that brilliant theoretical physicist L. Boltzmann, according to whom matters of elegance ought to be left to the tailor and to the cobbler." But it is elegant, in part because of the 1920 translation, by Robert W. Lawson, a British physicist who had polished his German while a prisoner of war in Austria. The introduction, by science writer Nigel Calder, guides the reader through the work section by section, even giving advice on which sections to skip, or at least not to worry about, if you can't "accompany Einstein through the forest of tricky ideas contained in this slim volume." Okay, this book isn't easy--again, in the master's elegant words, it "lays no small claims on the patience and on the power of abstraction of the reader"--but it is well worth the try.

P R E FACE

PART Ⅰ The Special Theory of Relativity

　1 Physical Meaning of Geometrical Propositions

　2 The System of Co-ordinates

　3 Space and Time in ClassicaI MechaniCS

　4 The Galileian System of Co-ordinates

　5 The Principle of Relativity(in the Restricted Sense)

　6 The Theorem ofthe Addition ofVelocities Employed in ClassicaI MechaniCS

　7 The Apparent Incompatibility ofthe Law of Propagation of Light with the Principle of Relativity

　8 On the Idea ofTime in PhysiCS

　9 The Relativity of Si multaneity

　10 On the Relativity ofthe Conception of Distance

　11 The Lorentz Transformation

　12 The Behaviour of Measu ring-Rods and Clocks in Motion

　13 Theorem ofthe Addition ofVelocities.The Experiment of Fizeau

　14 The Heu ristic Value of the Theory of Relativity

　15 General Results of the Theory

　16 Experience and the Special Theory of Relativity

　17 Minkowski’S Four-dimensional Space

PART Ⅱ The GeneraI Theory of Relativity

　18 Special and General Principie of Relativity

　19 The G ravitational Field

　20 The EquaIity of Inertial and G ravitational Mass as an Argument for the General PostuIate of Relativity

　21 In what Respects are the Foundations of Classical MechaniCS and of the SpeciaI Theo ry of Relativity U nsatisCactory？

　22 A Few Inferences from the GeneraI Principie of Relativity

　23 Behaviour of Clocks and Measuring．Rods on a Rotating Body of Reference

　24 EucIidean and non．EucIidean Continuum

　25 Gaussian Co-ordinates

　26 The Space．Time Continuum of the Special Theory of Relativity Considered as a Eucl．dean Continuum

　27 The Space．Time Continuum oFthe GeneraI Theory of Relativity iS not a Euclidean Continuum

　28 Exact Formulation of the GeneraI Principle of Relativity

PART Ⅲ Considerations on the U niverse as a Whole

APPEN DICES

BIBLIOG RAPHY

INDEX

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因为现代的教学方法就像一株脆弱不堪的幼苗，除了鼓励，更需要自由只有自由オ能挽救它，使它不至于过早地天折。我认为，使用强制手段，或给人灌输责任感，让学生增进观察和探索的乐趣，确实是犯了严重的错误。在一头猛兽不饿的时候，用鞭子强迫它不断地进食，特别是人们提供的食物还是经过千挑万选的，它肯定会逐渐厌食的。两者道理相同。

当你陪一个美丽的姑娘坐上两个小时，你会觉得好像只坐了一分钟；当你坐在炙热的火炉旁，哪怕只坐上一分钟，你会感觉好像是坐了两小时。这，就是相对论。

这种情况给予人们一定的自由，直到考试前，你还可以选择从事什么研究。我极力享受了这种自由，并把与此伴随而来的内疚看做是微不足道的。现代的教学方法，竟然还没有完全扼杀研究问题的神圣好奇心，这简直是一个奇迹。因为这株脆弱的幼苗，除了需要鼓励以外，主要需要自由，如果没有自由，它会不可避免地天折。认为用强制和责任感就能增进观察和探索的乐趣的做法，是一个非常严重的错误。即使是一头健康的猛兽，如果它不饿的时候用鞭子强迫它不断进食，特别是强迫吃那些经过适当选择的食物，那么它也会丧失其贪吃的习性的。

只要指明自身同一客体相对它直动的那个物体，则自身同一客体运动的概念就是有意义的。

我们的一切思维都是概念化的一种自由选择，而它的合理性取决于我们概括经验所能达到的程度。所以“真理”这个概念还不能在这样的结构应用，因为只有在这种元素和规则已经被致认可的时候，才谈得上“真理”概念。很多时候，我们的思维不需要符号也能进行，但很多时候是无意识的，这一点对我来说没有什么疑问。否则，就不会出现我们有时候不自觉对某经验感到“吃惊”了。当经验与我们已经建立的概念世界发生冲突时，这种“吃惊”オ会发生。每当我们感觉这种冲突很激烈并且不可调和时，它就会以一种决定性的方式对我们的思维进行反作用。在某种意义上，思维的结果就是不断摆脱“吃惊”。

1902-1909这几年，是我最富于创造性的时期。因为我上班了，所以在这几年中，也不用为生活操心了。抛开上班可以拿钱这一点不说，对我来说，鉴定技术专利权的工作本身就是种真正的幸福。在鉴定的时候，你必须从各个方面去考虑，这就会用到各种知识，对自己以后在物理所研究也有所帮助我这样的人就适合做一种实际工作，有工作就是一种莫大的幸福。而学院里的一些年轻人则不得不写大量的科学论文，在写这些毫无意义的论文里慢慢趋于浅薄当然，也有一些具有坚强意志的人，顶得住在学院的压力。作为一个平民，他只要能够完成他的工作就可以了，他的日常生活并不靠特殊的智慧。假如有人在工作之余对科学深感兴趣，那么在他的本职工作之外，他也可以研究他所爱好的问题。这样的研究还有一点好处，那就是用不着担心自己的研究有没有成果。给我找到这么幸运的职位，我得再次感谢马尔塞耳・格罗斯曼。

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In this famous short book Einstein explains clearly, using the minimum amount of mathematical terms, the basic ideas and principles of the theory which has shaped the world we live in today.